The Italian subjunctive mood il congiuntivo is often considered one of the most difficult parts of Italian grammar. It’s used to express doubt, desire, opinion, emotion, or uncertainty. Although it’s less common in spoken Italian today, it remains essential in writing and formal contexts.
The congiuntivo is used when talking about things that are uncertain or subjective — hopes, beliefs, opinions, or hypothetical situations. It often follows verbs like:
Penso che Roma sia una bella città.
I think that Rome is a beautiful city.
Credo che tu abbia fatto la scelta giusta.
I believe that you made the right choice.
Spero che tu guarisca presto.
I hope you recover soon.
Mi sembra che Tiziana sia simpatica.
It seems to me that Tiziana is nice.
Ho l’impressione che stia per piovere.
I have the impression that it’s about to rain.
Desidero che tu stia bene.
I wish that you are well.
Vorrei che tu mi aiutassi a risolvere questo problema.
I would like you to help me solve this problem.
Il mio capo vuole che lavori di sabato.
My boss wants you to work on Saturday.
È bello che tu sia venuto.
It’s nice that you came.
È impossibile che io finisca prima delle due.
It’s impossible for me to finish before two o’clock.
If the subject of both clauses is the same, use di + infinitive instead of che + subjunctive.
Spero di stare bene.
I hope to be well.
Spero di avere successo nella vita.
I hope to have success in life.
The Congiuntivo Presente (Present Subjunctive) is used to express doubts, wishes, opinions, or emotions. It's often introduced by conjunctions like che (that), se (if), or expressions of opinion or feeling.
For regular -ARE verbs, the present subjunctive endings are generally -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino.
Pronoun | Sognare (to dream) | Iniziare (to begin) |
---|---|---|
Io | sogni | inizi |
Tu | sogni | inizi |
Lui/Lei | sogni | inizi |
Noi | sogniamo | iniziamo |
Voi | sogniate | iniziate |
Loro | sognino | inizino |
For regular -ERE verbs, the present subjunctive endings are typically -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano.
Pronoun | Scrivere (to write) | Vivere (to live) |
---|---|---|
Io | scriva | viva |
Tu | scriva | viva |
Lui/Lei | scriva | viva |
Noi | scriviamo | viviamo |
Voi | scriviate | viviate |
Loro | scrivano | vivano |
For regular -IRE verbs, the present subjunctive endings are generally -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano.
Pronoun | Dormire (to sleep) | Partire (to leave) |
---|---|---|
Io | dorma | parta |
Tu | dorma | parta |
Lui/Lei | dorma | parta |
Noi | dormiamo | partiamo |
Voi | dormiate | partiate |
Loro | dormano | partano |
For -IRE verbs that insert -isc- in the present indicative, they also insert -isc- in the present subjunctive, except for the noi and voi forms, which follow the regular -IRE subjunctive pattern.
Pronoun | Finire (to finish) |
---|---|
Io | finisca |
Tu | finisca |
Lui/Lei | finisca |
Noi | finiamo |
Voi | finiate |
Loro | finiscano |
Some irregular verbs in the subjunctive:
Formed with the present subjunctive of essere or avere + past participle.
Penso che Sara abbia visto un film.
I think that Sara saw a movie.
Spero che il colloquio sia andato bene.
I hope the interview went well.
Used when the main verb is in the past and the action is happening at the same time.
Pensavo che tu parlassi bene italiano.
I thought that you spoke Italian well.
Volevo che tu venissi con me.
I wanted you to come with me.
Formed with imperfect subjunctive of essere/avere + past participle. Used to talk about actions completed before another past action.
Speravo che tu fossi venuto.
I hoped that you had come.
Non sapevo che tu avessi vissuto a Londra.
I didn’t know that you had lived in London.